The Best Boho Wedding Florists in Palmyra, VA

The Best Boho Wedding Florists in Palmyra, VA

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


44 Wedding Florists in Palmyra, VA

Bohemian
Clear
Quick responder
Brin's Posy 

5.0

  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Brin’s Posy is named after my beloved dog. She passed away unexpectedly a few years ago, leaving myself and her pup sister (Abby) to figure out life without her. We were months of grieving her loss when a close friend insisted I channel the grief energy into something positive. A bell went off in my head as my current job as a florist in a far away town was coming to an end. Brin’s Posy helped me come to terms with the loss. I still have Abby (the shop girl) in the shop daily and occasionally out to our farm venues! We love to source local and work with community members.

Awarded Best of Zola
Cailyn does such a beautiful job! Her arrangements are gorgeous and she’s very talented and great to work with.
Sarah P., 9 months ago
Quick responder
Poppy Flowers 

4.6

  • Starts at $1,750
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Poppy is blooming all over the U.S. with a dedicated team of floral designers and with a network of more than 800 local florists. As the nation’s fastest growing and largest full-service wedding florist, we are also the leading expert in floral trends. Check out our website for a free report featuring top 2024 wedding floral trends along with inspirational wedding photos from over 1000 venues and real weddings. Founded in 2019 by Cameron Hardesty (previously of UrbanStems and a White House florist alumna), Poppy is a women-led team with a talented network of majority-women designers.

Awarded Best of Zola
I was so overwhelmed when I first started looking for florists for our wedding. There are so many options, and I didn’t even know where to start until I found Poppy. They break down the process and steps, making it super easy, almost to the point that it doesn’t feel real. To start, you meet with a floral consultant where you talk through your wedding details, the vibe you’re going for, the general needs, etc. Then they walk you through a list of various wedding floral options: bouquets, table arrangements, signage florals, ceremony florals, etc., and you start to narrow down what you want. In each section, they have a grouping of photos, and you can either select something from that or ask for more options. You can also tweak what they have shown (I picked florals that had eucalyptus in them and requested everything be switched to ruscus). After that, you have a while to go back in and adjust until a deadline, but they accommodated some last-minute adds I had as well. Our consultant was Sophia, and she was super responsive and wonderful to work with. Closer to the wedding, you get assigned a local florist who does the actual designing/styling and installing, and we were lucky enough to get Ron, who matched our inspo images EXACTLY. Everything was so beautiful, and I was so in love with my bouquet. He was also incredibly nice and set everything up so quickly. If you’re looking for something to make the whole floral selection easy, simple, and beautiful (also super transparent with costs), definitely go with Poppy!!
Brittany P., 8 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Barnswallow Blooms 

5.0

  • Serves Palmyra, VA

I have a love for all things wild and natural, scented blossoms, mossy twigs, and starry nights. Flowers simply make my heart sing. I believe the magic of growing and gathering was planted in me years ago as a young girl, working alongside my mother picking wildflowers and lily of the valley. How I create is deeply rooted in who I am; a floral designer, grower, and potter. I feel my art background has been a really strong foundation for floral design as textures, color, and design are all intertwined with both arts.

Awarded Best of Zola
From start to finish, I never had a doubt that Mary Ann and Barnswallow Blooms would make my wedding perfect. I gave her my vision, colors, and favorites, and she cane through with literally the most amazing bouquets, ideas and greenery I could have ever hoped for. I got so many compliments on everything, and it’s all thanks to her! If you also need gifts, not just for your wedding party but in general, definitely check out her shop- The Barn Swallow.
Carolyn A., 5 years ago
TrendlineTrending
Woodland Floral Design Co. 

5.0

  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Proud Cat & Dog Mom // Your New Wedding Vendor BFF It’s never been just about pretty flowers to me. I started out in social work because I wanted to serve and connect with others. I first entered the floral design world as an intern in 2016 and noticed a lack of originality in designs and a need for more connection between the florist and the couple. When I started WFD in 2019, I decided to prioritize both artistic designs and building long-term relationships with each couple. Planning my own wedding in 2021 gave me an even deeper appreciation for the importance of receiving creative expertise and genuine support from wedding vendors.

Awarded Best of Zola
Misha is incredible! Wedding florals can be so daunting, but from our first Zoom meeting, all of my worries were gone. It was clear Misha genuinely enjoys making a personal connection with her clients. She checked in periodically and was available whenever we had questions. I knew Misha was going to create something beautiful, but beautiful is an UNDERSTATEMENT. Our wedding florals were stunning. I told Misha I wanted bright and fun, but that was really it. As a result of our conversations, I knew I could trust her vision and creativity. She blew us away! As soon as I saw them, my jaw dropped. She created 2 floral columns for the ceremony space and lined the aisle with the most magnificent florals. And when I say florals, I mean florals. Her designs are teeming with blooms! Everything down to the bouquets, boutonnieres, and corsages was full of substance. She also created the most amazing couch installation for one of our lounge areas that was the backdrop for one of our favorite pictures. Every guest at our wedding made a comment about the florals being exquisite, and we could not agree more. Misha was then able to repurpose all of the florals from the ceremony space to the reception space as centerpieces for the tables and decoration for the sweetheart table. I will never get over how absolutely perfect the florals were on our wedding day. Misha has a gift, and anyone getting married should 100 percent work with her as their florist.
Lauren K., 7 months ago
TrendlineTrending
The Faux Bouquets 

5.0

  • Starts at $175
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Believe it or not, we often have people ask if our pictures throughout our website are showing a mix of fresh and faux and…no they aren’t! Although fresh florals are pretty, we are totally in love with poser-blooms all the way here and that’s what we design 100% of our orders with.

Awarded Best of Zola
We had the most incredible experience with the Faux Bouquets! From start to finish, Brittany was responsive, caring and efficient! We rented the ‘Moody Romance’ suite and I purchased an add on of a custom bridal bouquet and boutonnière! I had done thorough research on purchasing real flowers and while price was our driving factor, I loved the element of saving on waste with renting and the option to purchase a keepsake! Brittany spent time talking to me so many times about questions I had and was incredibly patient! With the custom bouquet, I was able to upload inspiration photos and she NAILED it! The shipping process was so seamless as well. Brittany provided the tracking numbers and thorough instructions on receiving and then returning the flowers. I pride myself on getting ALL the flowers returned in record time (Brittany said) ;) All of our guests couldn’t believe the flowers were fake and everyone was raving about them! Do yourself a favor and go with The Fuax Bouquets!
Erin D., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Wood & Word Blooms, sola wood floral designs (faux not fresh) 

5.0

  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA
  • Offer

🌹 WE ARE NOT FRESH FLOWER FLORISTS. WE WORK WITH WOOD & FAUX FLOWERS. PLEASE ACKNOWLEDGE THIS IN YOUR REPLY. 🌹 Wood & Word Blooms is run by a Jen Angle, former teacher of 20+ years and specializes in using hand-painted wood flowers along with a faux, dried and preserved florals (nothing fresh here) to bring your wedding vision to life not just for that one glorious day but forever. Besides designing for you, I also offer DIY Wood Flower Experiences to create your wedding florals alongside me in person or virtually and 1:1 sessions to help DIY brides learn to do it themselves.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jen was absolutely amazing! Everything is customized to what flowers and colors you want. Jen is very go with the flow, but also can also make suggestions based on her experience. She was great when I needed to either add or subtract things as we got closer to the wedding. Overall she is fantastic to work with and the end products are phenomenal. I loved everything we got!
Erin Z., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Kishmish Event Stylist 

4.6

  • Starts at $100
  • Serves Palmyra, VA
  • Offer

Hello everyone! My name is Mishall (Kishmish) I am the owner of Kishmish Event Stylist. I want to make sure everyone has a beautiful wedding day no matter the budget. We all know a wedding is a very important milestone and an event that everyone always dreams of. I would love to help every bride and groom turn their dream into reality.

Awarded Best of Zola
I recently had the pleasure of working with Kishmesh as a photographer at a wedding, and I was thoroughly impressed. Kishmesh's floral arrangements were stunning and meticulously crafted, providing the perfect backdrop for beautiful photos. Their attention to detail and creativity truly enhanced the event. Kishmesh's professionalism and seamless coordination made the day run smoothly, allowing me to capture every moment effortlessly. Highly recommend their services!
Rashaad Williams, 8 months ago
Quick responder
Riverwood Designs 

5.0

  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Riverwood Designs creates wedding and special event floral designs and provides wedding and event planning management services. Because Riverwood Designs is not a retail storefront, our clients are people we get to know, and they get to know us. We work with each client individually, whether in an in-person meeting, a virtual meeting, over the phone, or via email. We custom-fit each client with designs that fit their tastes, style, and vision.

Awarded Best of Zola
Joseph and Rob of Riverwood Designs are the best in the business. I booked Riverwood Designs for my May 2024 wedding, at The Maine of Williamsburg, for bridal party flowers and floral table arrangements, as well as a Day-Of Coordination package. Booking Joseph and Rob was one of the best decisions I made during my 2-year long wedding planning process. Joseph was a life-savior during the planning process, keeping me calm and confident that my day would be nothing but perfect. And it was exactly that. On the day of my wedding, Joseph and Rob arrived promptly and delivered the most BEAUTIFUL flowers. I am so glad that I chose to go with real flowers, as opposed to wood or silk flowers. The arrangements looked and smelled amazing. The proposal that we had worked on prior to the day of in no way did the actual flowers justice. They were even more amazing than I could have ever imagined. For the florals, we chose to include the orange flowers in only the bridal bouquet. Also including this same orange flower on only the groom’s boutonnière. This was the perfect way for me and my groom to feel special and different from the rest of our bridal party. Book Riverwood Designs NOW! For all your floral and planning/coordinating needs. I am so thankful that I did and I cannot recommend them enough.
Michèle C., 8 months ago
Quick responder
One Last Avocado Floral Design 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

One Last Avocado is a luxury studio florist in Timberville, VA. Our team serves the Shenandoah Valley, Northern VA, and DC. We specialize in natural, whimsical floral design. Your love story is unique and your florals should be too! We want to tell your story.

Awarded Best of Zola
We couldn’t be happier with our experience working with Ket! She was incredibly creative and managed to perfectly capture my somewhat vague vision perfectly, bringing it to life in the most stunning way. Communication with her was fantastic—she was always easy to reach and responded quickly to any questions or updates we had. We were working with a tight budget, and she was incredibly respectful and accommodating. When we decided to DIY some of the arrangements (like the bridesmaids’ bouquets) to save on costs, she was so supportive. She even went above and beyond by connecting us with her wholesaler, making it easy to match the flowers seamlessly. I can’t thank her enough for everything. She made the entire process smooth and helped make our wedding day truly amazing. I can't recommend her enough!
Jordan, 2 months ago
Quick responder
Bloom Culture: Do-it-yourself Wedding Flowers 

5.0

  • Serves Palmyra, VA

A common misconception about Bloom Culture is that we are telling people they SHOULD DIY their wedding flowers… when in reality we are telling people they CAN DIY their wedding flowers… if they want to. With Bloom Culture you can create you own wedding flowers with Confidence. We help you get creative, stay in-control of your wedding budget, and enjoy the most beautiful wedding flowers. We have pre-made DIY Flower Collections or you can get a custom design with our FREE online quote or chat with us one on one for more guidance!

Awarded Best of Zola
Bloom Culture: Do-it-Yourself Wedding Flowers was an absolute pleasure to work with for our wedding. From the very first inquiry, their communication was prompt, kind, and professional. They answered all of my specific questions with personal responses, making the DIY flower process so easy and stress-free. The quality of their work was consistent, thorough, and truly showed how much they cared about making our day special. We saved so much money going the DIY route with Bloom Culture, and it allowed us to create so many wonderful memories putting the arrangements together with our wedding party. I highly recommend Bloom Culture to any couples looking for a reliable, affordable, and caring florist for their wedding. I wanted to do my own flowers to honor my grandmother who was a florist. She passed a few months before the wedding and I just know she would have absolutely loved it and we got to honor her in this way.
Madden H., 3 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Forever Blooms 

5.0

  • Starts at $50
  • Serves Palmyra, VA
  • Offer

I’m thrilled that Zola connected us, and I’d love to hear all about your wedding vision. All of my flowers are handcrafted from sola wood, a material derived from the tapioca plant. They’re lightweight, soft to the touch, and designed to look just like real flowers. One of the best parts? Since they’re made of wood, I can ship them to you no matter where you are in the U.S.! To get started on your custom quote, simply fill out the form with the website below. I’m really looking forward to working with you and making your day extra special! https: // www. foreverbloomsfloral . com / wedding

Awarded Best of Zola
I showcase Forever Blooms bouquets in my store for brides to carry when choosing their wedding dress. Everyone always raves about how beautiful they are plus how awesome it would be to keep your bridal bouquet after the day is done! I also love the service she provides and her willingness to always try new things not only for her customers but her business!
Emily, 3 years ago
Quick responder
Poppin Peonies Floral 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA
  • Offer

Poppin' Peonies began to bud in 2020 & it has flourished since! I'm Bre, I am a solo-traveling florist and LOVE any type of adventure. Floral design began as a hobby and grew into a true passion. I love gardening and source primarily from local farms (in addition to my own garden!) as much as possible to give each client the best product possible. Being a part of your special day is a wonderful experience to encounter. Helping create the overall aesthetic of the event and watching the pieces come together amazes me each and every time. I look forward to meeting you and hope to bring that unique floral touch to your wedding day!

Awarded Best of Zola
Poppin Peonies Floral was an absolute delight to work with for our wedding. Their communication was always timely, informative, and honest, which put us at ease throughout the planning process. The quality of their work was exceptional, and the detailed pricing they provided gave us confidence that we were getting great value. The floral arrangements they created were lovely, and the beautiful floral tree piece they made was a stunning focal point that wowed all of our guests. We couldn't have asked for a better florist to help make our special day so beautiful and memorable.
Hannah, 3 months ago
Quick responder
Honeysuckle Farm 

5.0

  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Honeysuckle Farm is a small flower farm and design studio located in Madison County, VA. We provide arrangements for weddings, events, and special occasions. Our arrangements feature locally and American grown blooms and we practice a sustainable, foam-free approach to floral design.

Awarded Best of Zola
Many amazing qualities - from the sustainable use of in-season plants, aromatic plants, and willingness to help transform bridesmaids bouquets to center-pieces post ceremony, I couldn't recommend Honeysuckle Farm enough. What I appreciated even more was her flexibility in working with my budget - while several florists in the area turned me down when I wasn't able to meet larger minimums, Honeysuckle Farms listened to my priorities list and crafted an offer tailored to what I most wanted. Totally transparent pricing and high-quality work. Florals were not my priority, so we didn't communicate too frequently. When we did speak Honeysuckle was kind, considerate, and showed she was thoughtful and deliberate in questions/responses. I think the communication quantity would have changed if I had more specific requests or a larger purchase. My jaw DROPPED when I saw the wedding arch she made for me. This was far beyond my wildest dreams and (I felt) a REALLY good price. Would recommend Honeysuckle to anyone, but particularly for folks who aren't looking to spend 5k for bouquets and basics***(obviously pricing is based on market and seasonality).
Kristen R., 3 months ago
Quick responder
In Bloom Floral Design 

5.0

  • Starts at $500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

In Bloom is a family owned and operated design firm providing modern florals for weddings and events in Hampton Roads and Richmond Virginia. Being a small, boutique studio, we are able to give personalized attention to each client and we take pride in providing phenomenal customer service and helpful advice.

Awarded Best of Zola
From the moment we first contacted In Bloom, the team was extremely detailed, clear, and helpful in guiding us through the flower selections for our wedding day. We had a hard time finding a florist as we had a smaller wedding and so many florists had a large minimum spend so I was thrilled when we found Shelly. She provided excellent suggestions that captured the romantic, lush aesthetic we were going for, all while keeping our budget in mind. The end result was beautiful, with flowers that were both stunning and cost-effective. We were especially impressed by how they helped us repurpose some of the ceremony arrangements for our reception. They truly went above and beyond to make our special day even more beautiful and memorable.
Trina, a month ago
Quick responder
Pick A Bloom-Preserved & Dried Florist-Shipped Nationwide 

5.0

  • Starts at $350
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

Pick a Bloom was founded on love and laughter in small-town Surry, Virginia by us, a mother daughter duo, who wanted to see our vision of fresh flower alternatives bloom to life. We work primarily with 100% REAL preserved and dried flowers and foliage.

Awarded Best of Zola
We are so happy with the way out flowers turned out for our wedding day. Paula and Samatha were such a joy to work with! We sent them our color pallet and ideas, which they were able to replicate and make it our own unique array of flowers. They provided great service with sending samples of their dried/preserved flowers and also a flower swap that we had to do. Would recommend for you occasion!
Tayler S., 4 months ago
Quick responder
🌸🖤Gothic Wedding Bouquets🖤🌸 

5.0

  • Starts at $9
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

At Gothic Wedding Bouquets, we specialize in creating reasonably priced Gothic, Alternative, Unique, Themed, Pagan, and any idea you have, wedding decor. Our offerings include bridal bouquets, boutonnieres, centerpieces, floral arrangements, and arch decor.

Awarded Best of Zola
Gothic Wedding Bouquets provided exceptional floral services for our wedding day. From the moment we reached out, their communication was prompt, clear, and personable. They listened closely to our vision and created a fun, unique, and professional floral package that perfectly captured our style. The bridal bouquet was absolutely stunning, and the hair comb and boutonnière they made were the perfect finishing touches. Gothic Wedding Bouquets went above and beyond to ensure our flowers were a highlight of our special day. We highly recommend their services to any couple looking for quality, creativity, and top-notch customer care.
Alexa N., 3 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Fleurish & Bloom Florals and Event Design 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

I'm a dreamer, a maker, a memory curator with a love for the written word. I have a master's in laughter, and am a world renown mess maker. I’m a wannabe world changer, a devoted pray-er, and an avid forgiver. I’m a barefoot kitchen dancer, a hammock reader and sun seeker, an accident-prone adventurer... and hopefully, when I look back, a professional life-rider and full-fledged compassion giver.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jessica and her team did the florals for our wedding, and they were AMAZING! She was an absolute joy to work with from start to finish. I reached out to many florists, and she was patient and intentional, taking my mumbled jumbled ideas and putting together something magical for our big day. No idea was too big or small. We had several one-on-one meetings, and she put together an inspirational slide deck. That’s when I truly started to see all the pieces coming together! She worked within my budget and let me know beforehand if there would be any additional costs based on what I wanted. It was also nice because I could handle all my floral rentals through her (things like vases and candles) without needing to contact additional vendors. On the actual wedding day, Jessica and her team were incredibly kind, keeping me at ease. I trusted her to get creative and make decisions when I didn't have an exact plan for something. Cannot recommend f&b enough!
Kinsey T., 8 months ago
Quick responder
Anthology On Main 

5.0

  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

For general inquiries, please visit my website. Anthology On Main is an alternative paper florist, specializing in flowers handmade from book pages! Although my business is based in Kansas, I ship flowers all over the US! I handcraft your wedding flowers from the pages of your favorite books, using your favorite flowers (no matter the season) and in your choice of colors! We'll work together to create truly unique keepsakes from one of the biggest days of your life. As a cherry on top, my flowers don't require any preservation after your wedding day and will last for decades to come!

Awarded Best of Zola
Katie makes the most beautiful handmade paper flowers out of book pages! Her work is thoughtful, whimsical and exactly what I needed for a Harry Potter themed styled shoot. I incorporated her work into a bouquet of real flowers and the results were stunning! Nothing but good things to say :)
Marisa Peterson, 3 years ago
TrendlineTrending
Sincerely Flowers 

5.0

  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

At Sincerely Flowers, we believe your wedding day deserves nothing less than perfection. That’s why we create custom floral designs tailored to your unique vision, ensuring every arrangement tells your love story. We exclusively use farm-fresh flowers grown with little to no chemicals, paired with recycled and sustainable materials, so your celebration is as kind to the planet as it is beautiful. With a low minimum investment of $1,500, we make luxury floral design accessible, and our team of expert Floral Designers is ready to bring your dream wedding to life in all major U.S. cities.

Sincerely Flowers definitely outdid themselves! The flowers for my wedding were absolutely beautiful and so fresh. I was assigned to Abby for my wedding and she was the perfect florist to work with – she really listened to my vision and brought it to life. She met with me, recommended flowers that were not only in season for when I was getting married, but within my budget. Every detail was just right, and the arrangements added so much to our special day. Thank you for making everything so perfect!
Haylee, 2 months ago
Quick responder
I Do Weddings With Love 

4.7

  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

I Do Weddings with Love is my life’s dream. I love to design using texture, organic inspiration, and your dream visions. I am a firm believer that life is as beautiful as you make it. It’s truly a blessing to celebrate your big day and unique love story by bringing your dream event to life. This wonderful experience is about you and for you! I Do Weddings With Love makes each big day unique to each and every individual love story. My goal for every client is to have a memorable floral planning experience, adding to the joy of the upcoming wedding event.

Annette is such an angel - she is so easy to work with and made all our floral dreams come true. She offers incredible quality and service at an unbeatable price. She also has a great selection of vases, votives, pillars, etc. I highly recommend saving yourself the trouble and expense of buying your own items and seeing what Annette has to offer :)
Karishma J., a month ago
Quick responder
Rainey Day Bouquets 

5.0

  • Serves Palmyra, VA
  • Offer

As I prepare for my own wedding in April of next year, I was taken aback by the exorbitant costs associated with floral arrangements. Quotes ranging from $6,000 to $7,000, with a minimum commitment of $4,000, were simply unfeasible for me. This led me to explore alternative solutions, and I discovered a passion for creating my own florals. I was delighted to find that I had a knack for it! This experience sparked the idea to launch my faux floral rental business, driven by the belief that beautiful wedding florals shouldn't come with an astronomical price tag. My goal is to make stunning arrangements accessible to all.

Awarded Best of Zola
While I didn’t use her for a wedding — I most certainly will once I get married! Morgan’s floral arrangements are so well done that I asked to purchase some to decorate my home. Her customer service and attention to detail is out of this world. 10/10 recommend.
Willie M., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Wildflower Hill Co. 

5.0

  • Starts at $7,500
  • Serves Palmyra, VA

At Wildflower Hill Co., we believe in creating unforgettable experiences through artful floral design and bespoke event design and styling. We specialize in floral and event design, and styling for weddings, events, and brands. At my core, I am a storyteller, using flowers, colors, textures, and curated details to weave narratives that resonate with my clients. I create designs that reflect my client’s personalities while elevating their vision. Whether designing lush floral installations, styling tablescapes, or consulting with brands on visual storytelling, I’m honored to work alongside clients who value creativity and connection.

Glory and her team was amazing throughout the process and made our wedding day really special. Thank you Glory!!
Ernest & B., a year ago

Location flexible? Discover florists near Palmyra, VA

About wedding florists in Palmyra, VA

What's the average price range for florists in Palmyra, VA?

There are a number of different factors that influence the total cost of a wedding floral package, including the type of flowers you're using, the size of your bridal party, and amount of floral decorative elements at your wedding (don't forget gorgeous extras like ceremony arches). In Palmyra, VA, bouquets range from $100 to $500. Centerpieces typically range from $100 to $500. The minimum price for florists often takes into account the amount of effort and time required to pull together the creations.

Which are the most popular florists in Palmyra, VA?

Some of the most popular florists in this area include Forever Blooms, The Faux Bouquets and Something Borrowed Blooms.

What questions should I ask when booking a wedding florist?

Florists offer a range of different services that you'll want to ask about before you book. For example:

  • Do they offer rentals of structures and additional decor?
  • Can they create mockups or sample arrangements?
  • Will they assist with flower preservation if that's something you're interested in?
  • Is breakdown/cleanup included in the package?
  • What types of florists are in Palmyra, VA?

    What other Palmyra vendors will I need?

    What other florists are nearby?

    What other wedding services are nearby?