The Best Wedding Photographers in Potrero, CA

The Best Wedding Photographers in Potrero, CA

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


1000+ Wedding Photographers in Potrero, CA

Quick responder
Adam Levinstein Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,999
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Modern. Timeless. Different. Adam Levinstein Photography is a wedding studio based in Orange County with a passion for timeless storytelling. Founded in 2014, Adam has continued to photograph over 50 weddings per year, capturing special moments for each unique couple! Our goal is to photograph your day’s special moments, personalities, and love story all while allowing you to fully be present and in the moment.

Awarded Best of Zola
we loved our wedding photos, wonderful candid shots and Tyler has a great energy that made photography smooth on our special day. We are very happy with our photos! Business has great communication as well. Definitely recommend!!
Kinzie K., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Black Hat Studio 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

We started off as a duo of quirky plastic artists who wanted to try something new - capturing weddings in a unique way that combined truthfulness and creativity. Fast forward 15 years and many, many amazing weddings later, and we're still just as nervous and excited before each event as we were on day one. I guess it means we still care! We believe your wedding photos should be a true reflection of your special day - capturing all the laughter, tears, love and joy in a way that takes you back to that exact moment. Making you relive the excitement, nervousness, happiness and warm fuzzy feelings of your wedding day.

Awarded Best of Zola
Eduardo was AMAZING!! From the moment we booked him till receiving our photos. The communication was direct and to the point which is what we loved. During our wedding he was extremely personable and made us feel comfortable and reminded us to just be in the moment. He really went above and beyond during wedding day. In receiving our pictures, we were even more impressed and so happy with how they turned out. We feel it’s important to have someone you can build trust and connect quickly in such an important day and that’s Eduardo. We are fortunate that we went with blackhatstudio for our wedding photos. We are so excited to now print them and share with our loved ones! Thank you Eduardo for capturing our day!!!
Michael and J., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Heather Elise Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Potrero, CA

San Diego wedding photographer, Heather Elise, has been photographing weddings, individuals and families here in San Diego for many years. A San Diego native herself, she loves capturing her clients in the amazing natural studio that we call home, San Diego. Heather makes sure that you are enjoying the entire experience by keeping you comfortable and having FUN while her creative juices are flowing! "I have to pinch myself everyday! I am truly lucky to share such special occasions with so many different people doing what I love. It is hard to call this a job....rather a passion!" San Diego wedding photographer, Heather Elise

Awarded Best of Zola
We recently had the pleasure of working with Heather Elise, and I can't say enough good things about the experience! From start to finish, she was incredibly professional, friendly, and talented. Heather took the time to understand our vision and preferences, which made a huge difference in the outcome. She had a fantastic eye for detail and captured moments beautifully, turning ordinary scenes into stunning works of art. Each photo tells a story, and I truly appreciate how she managed to capture both candid moments and posed shots with such skill. Throughout the wedding, Heather made everyone feel at ease, which really helped to bring out our natural smiles and personalities. Her creativity and enthusiasm were infectious, making the entire experience enjoyable and memorable. The sunset images exceeded our expectations! The quality and composition are simply breathtaking. I highly recommend Heather to anyone in need of a talented photographer. Thank you for capturing our special moments so beautifully
Heather R., 5 months ago
Quick responder
PKA Photo & Video 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Welcome to PKA Photography! We are a dynamic husband-wife duo, our journey began when our own wedding visuals left us unsatisfied in 2022. Instead of dwelling on discontent, we took charge, giving birth to PKA Photography in June 2022. In this short span, we've joyfully captured over 300 weddings and events, spanning from intimate elopements to heartwarming civil ceremonies. Each event embodies a unique tale, a celebration of love, and an opportunity to freeze magical moments in time. In every project, we step into your shoes, ensuring that your experience with us aligns with everything we'd desire for our own wedding.

Awarded Best of Zola
We had the best experience with Mia, Laron, and Nafas for our August wedding at the Old Rancho Estate in Carlsbad. They were such a fun and professional team to work with, capturing both candid and posed moments beautifully. They made us feel at ease, and their guidance helped us look and feel our best throughout the day. They were also super efficient, keeping everything on schedule while making sure we didn’t feel rushed. The package pricing was competitive, and we’re thrilled with the value we received. We highly recommend Mia and her team for anyone looking for talented photographers who bring both creativity and joy to your big day. We’d happily work with them again!
Kristy D., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Katherine Beth Photography 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,589
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hi Friends! I am SO happy you're here! You're in the thick of planning! If you want to spend your day savoring, being with your people more than taking the perfect insta photo, and can't wait to dive into life with your partner - I am your GAL! You'll look back on your day seeing the emotion, the connections, and the still moments that you were present for, with me as your photographer. I also am a pair for those who consider themselves "awkward" or "doesn't like themselves in photos." With my guidance, attention to detail and direction, we are a pair! I would love to hear about your day to see if we're a fit! Can't wait to hear from you!

Awarded Best of Zola
We were completely overwhelmed when we saw our wedding pictures! The photos' color, clarity, and authenticity perfectly capture what we remember of the day. There are also great shots of things we didn't remember, like us canoodling in the venue's background. We felt like Katherine was part of our wedding party, not just a vendor. She was great at directing us for group photos, ensuring everyone was in the right spot without feeling rushed. She is funny and a total photography pro, and now we want her to take all of our images. By the end of the wedding, we had friends asking for her information and complimenting her left and right. She helped everyone stick to the timeline, adjust clothing, engage children, and remind everyone to laugh, breathe, and smile!
Marghee K., 2 months ago
Quick responder
True Photography & Video 

4.7

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,800
  • Serves Potrero, CA

I represent San Diego's top wedding photographers. I have sought out award winning talent that is technically savvy, creative, and very personable. Talent , experience, a great positive energy, and capturing a wide range of emotions, poses and backgrounds, are just a few of ingredients that goes into being successful for our clients . Each photographer has photographed professionally at least 5 years. We seek out couples who put photography at the highest level of importance for their wedding day, and hope to get the opportunity to chat with you soon :)

Awarded Best of Zola
True photography was just amazing! Jen was our initial contact who ended up serving as the lead photographer on our team. She helped us set our schedule starting a month out from the big day, and was super accommodating to all our adjustments. We had them for 8 hours of coverage, and they knew just how to direct us and capture all the right moments. We had so much fun with them the whole night, and we got the photos back just a week later. They are BEAUTIFUL! They'll be doing a maternity shoot for us later this year and we can't wait for more amazing shots!
Sam I., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Toby Ogden Photography & Film 

5.0

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

I'm in love with taking photos and I spend all of my time working on fine-tuning my photography but also getting deeper than just taking photos. I am taking photos with the purpose now more than ever. Its been my years of experience that has helped me develop my photography into art and not just a picture taker. From the moment I meet my clients, I want to know as much as I can. Getting closer to a client really transcends into the photographs I am taking of them and their special day.

Awarded Best of Zola
Toby has done my daughter’s newborn photos and other Christmas time photos of our family. He always makes us feel so comfortable. Recently he did our family photos again and we tried a new venue - the beach. The outcome brought me to tears! I was so impressed with his ability to get our daughter’s personality and to capture the moments of love between us. It is truly endearing and memories we will cherish for a lifetime.
Lindsey M., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Emily Morgan Photos, LLC 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,500
  • Serves Potrero, CA

I’m here to capture nostalgic memories and help you remember the emotions behind the photos. I love capturing those truly candid moments. The kind of photos that put you right back in the moment five, ten, fifty years later. I'm a Southern California based photographer that will travel wherever you want to document your love! I'm constantly exploring with laid-back couples that want to capture genuine moments about their relationship. When I'm not taking pictures, you can usually find me hanging out with my loved ones, hiking, watching sitcoms, or taking a spontaneous trip.

Awarded Best of Zola
Emily’s photography portfolio and aesthetic captured my attention, I just knew that my husband and I had to work with her. She captured our love, laughter, and happiness so beautifully. She made us feel comfortable and the session felt effortless, which I was worried about since we’ve never had professional photos taken before. She’s magical, please please work with her! You won’t be disappointed!
Natalia J., 4 months ago
GemHidden gem
Jenni Summer Studios 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $5,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Jenni Summer Studios specializes in dreamy, intimate destination weddings, portraits and fashion editorials through fine art imagery & editorial story-telling. Headquarters in Southern California. Available in San Diego & Colorado with no travel fee. Available worldwide for travel & destination weddings.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jenni and her team did a phenomenal job capturing our wedding day. We felt so comfortable from the moment we first met with her and that definitely translated to how easy it felt taking direction from her for our wedding day photos. Her team took time to get to know us and figure out what we were comfortable with so it felt natural (we're not the most comfortable in front of the camera but somehow she figured out how to get those sweet in the moment shots without it feeling forced!). The photos turned out stunning. From the formal portraits to our mountain top vows to the sweetest candids she captured of me and my dad and my adorable nieces and nephews there’s seriously so many amazing photos to choose from. I also appreciated how organized she was with our formal portrait list keeping it quick and everyone ready to move through those as soon as possible. Cannot recommend her enough. Thank you so much Jenni! We absolutely could not dream of better photos!
Laurel G., 8 months ago
Khoa Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,500
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hi there! I'm Khoa, a San Diego based wedding photographer who enjoys spending time with good people and road trips. I love all things weddings because witnessing couples' happiness brings me joy and fuels my creativity. I want to create photographs that can stand the test of time so couples can relive their day years from now and for generations to come.

Khoa was our wedding photographer from getting ready until the end of the night and we had an amazing experience with him the entire time! He is incredibly sweet and easy to work with, and made us feel very comfortable from the get-go. He was very thoughtful and thorough in using all aspects of our venue to provide amazing photos capturing the whole day. He worked very efficiently with us leading up to the ceremony to get us photos while still keeping us hidden away from our arriving guests, and then, during the ceremony and reception, he was amazingly unobtrusive but still able to capture all the great moments of our night! Khoa sent us a few preliminary photos which were all so perfect for personalizing our thank you cards. Once we got the full complement of photos from him we were blown away by the quality, editing, and energy he was able to capture from our wedding day. He is immensely generous with the number of photos he provides, and we have to stress that he somehow manages to deliver on both quantity AND quality. He is also very talented in composition and there were more than several photos that we never noticed him getting - everything perfectly captured the energy and feeling of the day and felt like we were reliving it again. Overall he feels like the complete package and we recommend him without hesitation!!!
Joanne Z., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Carlsbad Photo 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

I’ve been happily married for almost 27 years. I have three awesome sons. My parakeets Kiwi and Sparky are very social, meaning very loud! Champagne (maybe that’s why I love weddings) and sushi lover here! Photography has been my passion ever since my dad gave me my first film camera and introduced me to the dark room at age of 10. I lived in Japan for 12 years, and even performed on a stage there. I’m always up for a great road trip! I love tuna fishing. I love hats and want to wear them everyday (over 20 hats in my collection). I’ve been shooting beautiful weddings for almost 10 years. I secretly cry at every wedding.

Awarded Best of Zola
Irina is an awesome and experienced photographer which is helpful when you have no idea what to expect on your wedding day. She works with you and your coordinator to make sure you get the shots you want. She even recommended some based on previous weddings she did at our venue. The planning process was straightforward and her rates were reasonable. On the day of the wedding she helped us get ready and reassured us that everything would be okay. She never stopped taking pictures and captured some wonderful moments throughout the night. We anxiously awaited our photos and they turned out better than we expected. She did a wonderful job capturing all the important memories. All of the pictures were gorgeous and she really made you feel special. We definitely recommend her to anyone getting married in the Carlsbad area!
Christina, 2 years ago
Quick responder
Kayla.Ash Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,800
  • Serves Potrero, CA
  • Offer

Hi there! I'm Kayla, and I'm so glad you're here! I've spent the past six years capturing love, beauty, and joy across Southern California. Photography has been my passion since I was five, and turning it into a career has been the most rewarding journey. One of my clients shared: "The pictures came out beautiful and had my mom in tears. Kayla made us all feel so comfortable and beautiful. I highly recommend her and will definitely be using her again." If you’re looking for someone to capture your special moments, I’d love to help you create memories that last a lifetime!

Awarded Best of Zola
Kayla and Ash were an absolute joy to work with for our wedding photography. Their communication style made the planning process smooth and stress-free - they were very responsive over text which was so convenient. The photographs they delivered are breathtaking - light, airy, and romantic. They perfectly captured the love and magic of our special day. I cannot say enough wonderful things about this talented duo. Kayla simply rocked it! I hope their business continues to flourish because they provide tremendous value and deserve to have their calendars filled. We feel so fortunate to have found them. Their artistic vision and professionalism were invaluable in making our wedding a gorgeous, timeless memory. I enthusiastically recommend Kayla Ash Photography - you will not regret having them capture your special moments!
Taylor T., 8 months ago
Quick responder
Zasibna Photo LLC 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,900
  • Serves Potrero, CA

I am a passionate photographer with a keen eye for capturing the essence of moments. With years of experience in wedding photography, I combine technical expertise with creative vision to produce stunning images that tell a story.

Awarded Best of Zola
We had the most incredible experience with Natalia at Sunset Cliffs in San Diego! From start to finish, she was professional, personable, and incredibly talented. Zasibna Photo knew exactly how to capture the perfect moments, making us feel comfortable and natural in front of the camera. The breathtaking scenery of Sunset Cliffs combined with Natalia's artistic eye resulted in stunning photos that we'll cherish forever. Every shot perfectly captured our love and the beautiful setting. We are beyond thrilled with the final photos and highly recommend Zasibna Photo to anyone looking for a talented and dedicated photographer. Thank you, for making our engagement session unforgettable!
Anastasia H., 9 months ago
Quick responder
Sun & Soul Photo 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hey there! Welcome! My name is Taylor- I am so glad you’re here! I am a documentary photographer based in the West Coast. I LIVE for capturing your love! You and your love story are anything but typical, and I strive to document that in the most candid and authentic way. My style is candid, documentary with a sprinkle of editorial. I want you to be YOURSELVES so I can help tell your true story. You've got incredible style, an amazing personality, and captivating energy that's impossible to ignore. So why should you settle for photos that don't reflect that? You deserve photos that celebrate your most alive and authentic selves!

Awarded Best of Zola
We used her as a wedding coordinator, and we couldn’t be happier. She helped our magical weekend wedding dreams come true. She was always very patient, responsive, and she is in the know with the most current and fabulous trends. We absolutely reccomend her without hesitation! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you!
Bella & J., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Kristen Vincent Photography 

4.9

  • Classic style
  • Starts at $2,995
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hello there. Holy moly, I've been photographing all the pretty things, places and people for 12 years! I am a proud Mama to 3 kiddos, so I get the chaos that comes with love, life and the little ones. I love to dive right in and figure out what story I've been invited to tell. Who are you? I want to know your why. Why do you want your pictures taken and why me. Together we'll create your wardrobe with intention and choose a location that speaks to you. I always encourage connection, music, kisses and your best dance moves.

Awarded Best of Zola
Kristen was an absolute joy to work with and have at our wedding. She made our wedding day go very smoothly while collecting incredible images that we will cherish forever. She is easy to work with, reliable and SO talented. We couldn’t recommend her enough!!
Ashley, 2 years ago
Quick responder
Artistic Pro Photography and Videography 

5.0

  • Fine art style
  • Starts at $800
  • Serves Potrero, CA

We are excellent and experienced photographer and videographer for weddings and engagements. I have been a lifetime photography hobbyist since I was a teenager. I enjoy taking pictures and playing around with different advanced equipment. I am confident that my work is just as good or even better than what you paid $3000 for the most professional photographer for a wedding. I am using a top-notch full frame Nikon DSLR camera with top notch Nikon lenses. I also have a Sony 4K camcorder that can record excellent 4K videos. Therefore, we can be your excellent videographer too for your wedding or party.

Awarded Best of Zola
Wellington worked with my husband and I for our engagement and wedding pictures. He was awesome to work with from him as a person to his attention to all the details and professionalism. When we first took our engagement photos, he made the experience fun and the pictures really expressed who my husband and I are together. Before our wedding day, Wellington came to our rehearsal for no pay. He did a walk through with us and helped plan out the pictures and locations. On our wedding day, he captured everything that we had talked about and so much more. Everything he did had a purpose and at the end of it our pictures came out great. All of the photos are amazing. I would highly recommend Wellington for any event. If you hire him, you won’t be disappointed. He is a nice guy too.
Stephanie P., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Jalea Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $2,800
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hey there! I'm Linda. San Diego wedding and portrait photographer. I've been photographing weddings for 8 years and have loved every minute of it. I'd love to chat with you and share how I can help you get the best possible images on your special day while giving you a great experience.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jalea Photography was an absolute pleasure to work with for our wedding day. From our first conversation, Linda and her team were easy to communicate with, attentive to our needs, and incredibly nice throughout the entire process. Their amazing photography skills and great value were evident in the beautiful, high-quality images they captured that perfectly documented every special moment of our wedding. Linda's talent as a photographer was clear as she was able to capture every important moment, going above and beyond to ensure we have stunning photos to cherish for a lifetime. We are thrilled with the results and cannot recommend Jalea Photography enough!
Nadia C., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Talya Herring Photography 

5.0

  • Fine art style
  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hi! I am so happy that you've found my page! I am an Elopement Photographer based in San Diego, CA and Park City, UT. My speciality is helping couples plan epic elopements that represent their values, personalities and love for nature.

We seriously could not be happier with how our photos turned out!!! Not only did Talya capture incredible photos, she was also amazing to work with and created such a safe, fun space, which was especially important for my girlfriend who doesn't like being in front of the camera too much. She directed us very well in moments where we didn't know what to do & kept coming up with new, exciting ideas the whole time, which allowed us to feel confident in each pose and space. 10000/10 would recommend Talya!!!
Bailey, 23 days ago
GemHidden gem
Jen Sease Photo 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $3,400
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hi friends! I’m Jen, you're soon to be favorite hypeman & third wheel. I'm a wife & not just a regular mom but a cool mom that just so happens to run a whole ass business. I’ve been a traveling wedding photographer for 4 years now, my business started back when my husband deployed and I needed something to occupy my time. I started with a rinky dink camera taking photos of anything and everything & now I'm here, taking photos of all you rad lovers. I’ve always been what one may call..a picture hoarder..so what better way to use my talent than to capture & share one of the best days of your life so you can hoard your memories too?

Awarded Best of Zola
Jen worked with us every step of the way from our engagement photos to the wedding day. Her photos are beautiful and she made everyone feel at ease.
Stephanie, a year ago
Quick responder
Wow Studio 8 

4.6

  • Fine art style
  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Welcome. Award-winning photographers, we are a small team of artists specialize in high-end photography, video production, graphic design, make-up, and styling. We service clients around the world and willing to travel to any locations. If you like to get more information, and you can contact us via the contact form below. Photography has allowed him to travel the globe sharing pivotal milestones and personal events with the people who entrust him to capture these priceless memories and allow him to tell their story your way

Awarded Best of Zola
I highly recommend wowstudio8, Kin is a very good creative photographer. Working with him is easy and fun, he keeps track of the time line and makes THIS day easier. His technical knowledge is very large and nothing can surprise him;) And the effect of his work is beautiful and magical.
Iwona, 3 years ago
Quick responder
Digital Darling Photography 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $1,200
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Heya!! Its me, emily! Your not-so-average wedding photographer with a twist. I’m all about the adventure and the vibe, whether I’m hiking up a mountain for the perfect shot or rocking out to some punk tunes while editing your photos. I live for capturing the real, raw moments between people, especially when it comes to love. I mix a little outdoorsy spirit with a whole lot of spunk, and I’ll be there to capture every giggle, tear, and fist-pump you throw my way on your big day!

I found Emily through our venue, as she was a preferred photographer. I loved her style and felt comfortable with her right from our first call. After meeting in person I was so excited to work with her, she's obviously great at what she does but her calm, cool attitude was also what I was looking for in a photographer- as someone who was nervous about being in front of the camera, I needed someone who was more docu style and who I felt comfortable with! On the day Emily kept it fun and high energy, and executed all of the specific shots around our venue that I had asked for.
Mollie B., 18 days ago
Quick responder
Natalie Faiivae Photography 

5.0

  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $15,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

Hello! I'm Natalie, a passionate documentary photographer dedicated to capturing the authentic and heartfelt moments of your special day. My approach to wedding photography is all about storytelling. I believe the most beautiful photos come from genuine, unscripted moments that reflect the true emotions and unique story of each individual couple. When I'm not behind the camera, you can find me spending time with my family, traveling to new places, or just cuddled up with a good show and a comfy blanket. I’m always inspired by the beauty of everyday moments and bring this inspiration into my work.

Awarded Best of Zola
Working with Natalie was a dream. It can be overwhelming having a camera on you and all this attention on you but Natalie carries herself with such a beautiful energy that puts you at ease. She really helps pose you and feel comfortable and before you know it you’re posing on your own. The confidence really shows in her images. My husband and I couldn’t be more happy with our photos! Can’t wait to work with her again, would recommend to all of my friends!
Vanessa A., 8 months ago
Quick responder
Daniel Tomczak 

5.0

  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves Potrero, CA

I specialize in capturing weddings as they unfold naturally. I aim to make couples feel at ease and not like they are in a photoshoot. Posing is kept to a minimum; natural light is my best friend. Let's connect and create an atmosphere where you can enjoy your biggest day ever with zero worry. With no ego and no agenda beyond preserving the moment's beauty, I focus on delivering timeless, heartfelt imagery.

Awarded Best of Zola
I planned a wedding at The Pearl, and Daniel served as the second photographer for our wonderful couple. Not only was he highly professional but also collaborated seamlessly with both myself, the couple and their families. His photos were truly incredible! It was a joy to see his vision for the day, as he beautifully captured all the special moments and important details throughout the night. I highly recommend Daniel to many of my couples and eagerly anticipate working together again soon!
Tiffany, 3 months ago

Location flexible? Discover photographers near Potrero, CA

About wedding photographers in Potrero, CA

How much does a wedding photographer typically cost in Potrero, CA?

A Potrero, CA wedding photographer ranges from $185 to $20,000 and averages at $2,800. The cost reflects the number of hours included, if there is a second photographer, any prints or albums, and, most importantly, the experience of the photographer. But every snapshot they take is a priceless memory of your big day — way better than your bestie's blurry smartphone pics, right?

Do most photographers include a second photographer?

93% of photographers in Potrero, CA offer a second photographer, although it typically depends on the package you book! Second photographers are helpful because one person can’t be everywhere at once, and the second photographer ensures all the details are covered.

Which are the most popular photographers in Potrero, CA?

Some of the most popular photographers in this area include ozan ulucan photography, SweetEmms Photography and Ashley Cynthia Photography.

What else should I keep in mind when booking a wedding photographer?

Are you interested in an engagement shoot as a test run? Drone photography? Wedding albums? All helpful things to ask about when you’re considering which wedding photographer to book!

What types of photographers are in Potrero, CA?

What other Potrero vendors will I need?

What other photographers are nearby?

What other wedding services are nearby?