Whether you’re looking for sophisticated, indoor elegance or upscale, outdoor chic, The Villa is host to three unique and distinctive spaces perfect for your special day. With separate ceremony options, you can exchange vows under the charming outdoor pergola or transform a ballroom into a sacred ceremony space. No matter the season, The Grand Ballroom, Madera Ballroom, and the Tent offer diverse and captivating options for every taste and style. Among Saphire Event Group's four venues—Saphire Estate, The Villa, Avenir, and The Lakehouse—we pride ourselves in maintaining fresh, well-appointed, and up-to-date surroundings. Our expertly trained staff have a singular focus: creating the picturesque backdrop for the biggest event of your life. We keep an eye on every detail, so you can keep your eye on making memories!

The Cape Cod wedding without the chaos. We have an amazing venue with breathtaking views overlooking Duxbury Bay. Our space includes a waterside hydrangea lined lawn area, covered porch, Sperry Tent over beautifully paved patio, a stunning hall upstairs with floor to ceiling window views of the bay connected to an outdoor deck.

Black Rock has become one of the most prestigious family friendly golf clubs in the Greater Boston and South Shore area where members share their passion for the game of golf, tennis, fitness and family while enjoying good times in great company. This exceptional and diverse experience is shared through an inclusive and active membership where Black Rock traditions will be characterized for generations to come.

Imagine a private setting surrounded by impeccably landscaped gardens boasting stunning views of The Blue Hills as the backdrop to your wedding. Here you will find the Tirrell Room where elegance meets excellence in a regal and romantic setting. Our exclusive focus is to create the perfect wedding experience, each and every time. From the time you enter the double French doors through the foyer of The Tirrell Room, you will behold our beautifully decorated reception room.

Impeccable staff, fantastic food and an unparalleled view - we've got you covered. Our team is committed to making you feel truly special at every interaction so your wedding is unforgettable. Here at Granite Links, we offer 2 incredible wedding venues, Our Pavilion Tent and the Grand Ballroom. Located on the upper level of the Nantucket-style clubhouse, the elegant Grand Ballroom features high ceilings, walls of windows and an outdoor terrace with beautiful views of the Boston skyline and Harbor islands. The Pavilion Tent offers panoramic views of the golf course, Blue Hills Reservation and Boston skyline. On warm days and evenings, the tent sides can be tied back for a truly open-air experience.

Conveniently located just five miles south of Boston, The Best Western Adams Inn Quincy-Boston offers a stunning waterfront setting for your special day. With breathtaking views of the Neponset River and easy access to the city's attractions, our venue is the perfect choice for couples seeking a memorable and convenient wedding experience. Our modern accommodations provide a comfortable and relaxing stay for you and your guests, while our on-site Adams Pub offers delicious New England cuisine in a cozy atmosphere. Whether you're planning a small, intimate gathering or a large celebration, The Best Western Adams Inn Quincy-Boston has everything you need to create a truly unforgettable wedding.

Waverly Oaks Golf Club is a breathtaking wedding venue situated in gorgeous Plymouth, MA. Over 225 acres of natural beauty, breathtaking views, and indoor-outdoor event spaces will set the perfect mood for your special occasion. This venue offers outside ceremonies with a back up indoor option. Following your ceremony, Waverly Oaks offers an elegant reception space. This venue’s Grand Ballroom offers you and up to 200 guests unforgettable, panoramic views of this world-class golf course from impressive floor-to-ceiling vista windows. Couples can choose from a number of food and beverage catering options, a customized wedding cake, floral designs, after-party snack options, and more. Waverly Oaks Golf Club maintains a strict one-event-per-day policy. A wedding coordinator will also assist with any organizational needs or day-of tasks to help your day run as smoothly as possible.

Featuring an outdoor setting with soaring views, Leader Bank Pavilion is the perfect location to host your perfect day. Located in the growing Seaport District, this unique venue serves as an iconic backdrop with versatile spaces including an open-air amphitheater, spacious lawn and intimate Club offering limitless opportunities. Accommodating up to 5,000 guests, this venue celebrates extraordinary hospitality and service creating a lasting impression from intimate experiences to full venue buyouts. With access to the world’s greatest musical entertainment, full-service event production, custom menus and mixology, our talented team of event specialist provide seamless execution to make your wedding day one to remember.

Nestled on one of the most breathtaking, picturesque points of the Atlantic Ocean, The Oceanview of Nahant offers three spectacular options to say “I Do”. Featuring the beautiful Beach Stone Terrace; outside overlooking the sparkling waters of the great sea, the romantic and ethereal Tent on the Terrace, available only during those cooler New England months, or the majestic grand Ballroom; intimately inside where picture windows frame your ceremony while waves gently crash in the background. Whatever option you choose, your wedding day will be truly magnificent!

Charles River Boat Company Boston Harbor offers three classic vessels to host the ceremony, reception, rehearsal dinner, or engagement party of your dreams. Our boats offer the perfect setting for experiencing breathtaking views of Boston Harbor. Covered canopy decks offer a magnificent setting for a wedding ceremony, reception, and a dance floor! All chartered events offer a full-service premium bar and a variety of catering options. The possibilities for your wedding event are endless. Have your wedding with the Charles Riverboat Company - Boston Harbor and create memories that will last a lifetime.

The Liberty Hotel is a historic wedding venue located at the foot of Beacon Hill in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. This unique hotel overlooks the Charles River and combines high-style luxury with hometown warmth. They pride themselves on their enchanting architecture, versatile event spaces, and luxurious guest rooms. This one-of-a-kind hotel was built in 1851 and was once the storied Charles Street Jail. It elegantly combines historic style and architecture with today’s modern amenities.

Endicott Estate is an elegant wedding venue located on pristine land in Dedham, Massachusetts less than 10 miles from Boston. The estate features a beautiful mansion with gorgeous decor featuring Italian marble fireplaces, period furnishings and sophisticated art. The grounds are beautifully manicured and lined with majestic elm, spruce and willow trees. For exceptional weddings, couples choose Endicott Estate. Facilities and Capacity When it comes to capacity and entertaining guests, Endicott Estate exemplifies this. With the ability to host up to 200 guests indoors, couples can be sure there will be enough room for a momentous celebration. The mansion itself sits on over 18 acres of pristine land. With gorgeous open floor plans and the flexibility of having a ceremony indoors or out, coupled with vintage beauty, Endicott Estate will deliver an extraordinary event.

Cambridge Boat Club is a social and rowing club, located on the banks of the Charles River overlooking Eliot Bridge. Originally built in 1909, CBC was picked up in its entirety and rolled upstream to its current location in 1947, to make room for the building of Memorial Drive. Featuring vaulted ceilings and dark exposed beams akin to a ski chalet, and double french doors opening to a full length veranda, CBC offers a unique, rustic setting for any event.

Mothership is industrial with spirit! Setting the vibe with unique and colorful murals paired with modern aesthetics. A variety of flexible event spaces for any size celebration. Customizable menus for food and beverage making your gathering uniquely yours!

Our venue features a luxurious 46 x 86' Sperry tent that provides a fully-floored, elegant setting with the capacity to host over 200 guests for dinner and dancing, and 300+ for a standing reception. Inclusive packages bundles essentials but allows you the freedom to choose your own vendors as well.

Come and celebrate your next special moment with us at The Vue. A multi-dimensional event space, The Vue offers both indoor and outdoor options to welcome your guests and create lasting memories. Partner with our dedicated team to build your ideal event with stunning views, great food, and exceptional service!

Elegant plantings and cultivated grounds fill this public garden with vibrancy that's more than a century in the making. Long Hill is a property of The Trustees of Reservations, a Massachusetts non-profit corporation. From 1916 to 1979, Long Hill was the summer home of noted author and editor of The Atlantic Monthly, Ellery Sedgwick. He summered here with his first wife, Mabel Cabot Sedgwick, an accomplished horticulturist, gardener, and author of The Garden Month by Month, and his second wife, Marjorie Russell Sedgwick, a rare plants specialist—both of whom created a delightful, enchanting landscape, surrounded by more than 100 acres of woodland. Today, visitors delight in the beauty of Long Hill’s structured and naturalistic gardens as well as a network of woodland trails. A diverse collection of trees, shrubs, and distinctive perennial plants provide color during the growing season, peaking in May and June and providing structure and beauty throughout the year.

Discover Lake Pearl Wrentham. Set on 25 lushly landscaped acres overlooking a picturesque lake of the same name, our estate event venue is a landmark destination in New England for meetings, weddings, and great gatherings alike. Offering more than 15,000 square feet of newly refreshed venues, most with captivating water views, the beauty of our space is surpassed only by our superior service. Experience the hidden gem that is Lake Pearl Wrentham. Lake Pearl Wrentham is a uniquely designed multi event property that provides private entryways for every event space, dedicated restroom facilities for each group, separate cocktail/pre-function spaces with private bars and connected salons/wedding suites with en-suite restrooms. From Weddings and Special Occasions, to Corporate Events and Catering Services, our experienced team looks forward to providing exceptional service for you and your guests

Not your ordinary venue! Exclusive private venue with lawn, patio, pool, fire pits & wooden venue all yours to enjoy. We offer catering options to fit every budget. Onsite accommodations for bridal party and honeymoon suite. We offer you choices not restrictions.

We have 26 guest rooms (ten in our main Victorian Inn and sixteen in our motor lodge sections), a fabulous covered function deck and a fantastic, creative chef. We can accommodate up to 130 guests for your Wedding on our outdoor deck. Smaller Weddings are also accommodated inside our main Victorian Inn. Our beautiful grounds with river views are fully available.

We are situated in the southern Massachusetts and Rhode Island area, approximately one hour from Boston, 20 minutes from Providence, 45 minutes from Newport and one hour from Cape Cod. Our working family farm provides a picturesque background to your event of any kind. We host weddings, bridal and baby showers, corporate and private events.

the Event of Your Dreams. Set on 36 acres of pristinely manicured grounds featuring stunning gardens with cozy patio areas, beautiful orchards nestled among a picturesque pond and rustic stone walls, all with sweeping views of rolling meadows our venue is the perfect backdrop for capturing lifelong memories. Located in idyllic Topsfield, Massachusetts only 20 miles north of Boston, Connemara House is ideally designed to host your special event. Whether it be a wedding under our glowing Sperry Tent, a Corporate outing on the Estate Grounds or a special Family Celebration in the Mansion we will make sure it is unforgettable.

Welcome to Fall River Country Club! Congratulations on your engagement and thank you for considering Fall River Country Club for your wedding. " A Hidden Gem of Fall River" Fall River Country Club offers a truly beautiful venue. Tucked away in a secluded area of the north end, our facility is surrounded by a spectacular scenery with views of the Taunton River. We specialize in intimate gatherings of up to 180 guests and host only one wedding a day. It allows us to provide exceptional service and a memorable experience catered to each individual couple from getting pampered for the day in our large bridal suite, a beautiful ceremony overlooking the water, to the completion of your reception. We would be happy to discuss with you customizing a package to fit your budget while planning the wedding of your dreams.

At Shining Tides, Weddings by the Sea, we are dedicated to bringing you your dream wedding. Located on the picture-perfect Mattapoisett Harbor, Shining Tides Weddings is sure to bring you a night to remember. With an event coordinator who is there for all your needs, you will only have to focus on saying "I do!" Consistent with the Y’s mission to promote and encourage life-long development for children and families through programs that build healthy spirits, minds, and bodies, proceeds from events booked at Shining Tides help to provide scholarship funds for children who otherwise could not afford to attend summer camp. Sharing the love you feel on your wedding day through a connection that extends even beyond your wedding guests and into the greater community creates a truly memorable and gratifying event.

The Pierce House, an architectural gem, is part of a stunning vintage estate, located on more than 30 tranquil acres of pastoral rolling lawns, woodlands, and ponds, less than 30 minutes west of Boston. Built in 1900, and located within the Historic District in Lincoln, Massachusetts, Pierce House has the distinction of being listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Respecting the wishes of John H. Pierce, who bequeathed the mansion and property to the Town of Lincoln, the venue welcomes the local community and beyond as a place for year-round recreation, weddings, corporate and social events, art shows, car shows, summer concerts, movie filming among others.

The Ridge Club offers the quintessential Cape Cod destination venue for every special occasion. The Club's unique and private setting showcases classic Cape Cod charm at its very best. Our spacious Pavilion features a full wall of sliding doors allowing access to our lush perennial gardens, stone walls and dazzling sunsets. Our covered brick patio and tented area offers views of the first tee and rolling green fairways, creating an idyllic setting for your wedding ceremony or cocktail reception. A private wedding coordinator will be delighted to assist you with all of the planning details including menu customization and room design. Every occasion receives one-on-one attention with our dedicated event planning team.

Picture yourself nestled atop one of the highest vistas on all of Cape Cod, against a backdrop of sweeping sunsets and charming New England panoramas. Our stunning venue features marbled foyer floors to crystal chandeliers and towering cathedral ceilings. Let our expert event professionals take care of all of your details and create a memory you will cherish forever! At The Cape Club, we pride ourselves in pairing elegance and luxury with comfort and charm, making your escape to The Cape Club, one of which you have always dreamed.

Willowdale Estate is a private mansion, just 30-miles north of Boston, Massachusetts. Located within a 720-acre state forest, and along the pristine Ipswich River. Our private estate is the perfect setting for a New England wedding ceremony and reception. Our coordination team and catering staff will execute your plan with grace, leaving you free to enjoy the party and mix with your guests. At Willowdale Estate, we host two wedding seasons. Our Tent Season from May-October is perfect for parties between 125-240 guests, and our Mansion Season from November-April is better suited for smaller parties between 80-125 guests inside our Estate. As you search for a venue, we would love to hear from you! We can send open dates, host a tour of our space, or create a quote for you. We celebrate the differences that make each client event unique, and warmly welcome people of every race, religion, and gender identity. Thank you for viewing our venue!

Nestled among historic homes and cobblestone streets in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the Whaling Museum offers a distinctive venue for any special occasion. You and your guests will enjoy a spectacular waterfront view, stunning works of art, unique collections, and the wow factor of having the world's largest ship model at the center of your celebration.

"Naukabout" means to doing what you LOVE to do once you're finished doing what you HAVE to do. We're here to create a dreamy setting where you can kick back and soak up the good vibes. Whether you're hosting a shindig or just chilling out, we've got your back!

The Rotch-Jones-Duff House, a Greek Revival mansion built in 1834, stands as a prominent landmark in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Located in the prestigious County Street Historic District, the house showcases elegant architectural details like large windows, mahogany doors, and intricate plasterwork. This meticulously preserved home offers a glimpse into the lives of three prominent families who resided here over generations.

The Ballroom at the Providence G is an elegant wedding venue located in Providence, RI. From the timeless decor to the relaxing rooftop bar, this venue aims to offer you a complete experience for your special day. This ballroom can welcome up to 300 guests for a cocktail reception or 200 for a seated reception. This building was built in the 1920s, presenting an esteemed atmosphere from decades gone by. It retains the style and elegance of this era while also adding a more modern feel. Ceremonies, receptions, and other events are welcome at this venue, allowing you to host your entire celebration with us. Along with the ballroom, you can also enjoy the use of a rooftop terrace and a celebrated gastropub located right next door. The Providence G team works hard to offer the best possible experience to couples on their special day. Additionally, skilled caterers, furniture, and equipment rental are also available, adding to the convenience and comprehensive service of this location.

Your wedding should be uniquely you, and here at Hotel Providence, we are passionate about bringing your vision to life. Nestled in the heart of downcity Providence Rhode Island, allow us to help you combine romance and history with our versatile event spaces: the ethereal Blackstone Terrace is the perfect backdrop for your ceremony, with gauzy soft draping and whimsical chandeliers. Enjoy hors d'oeurves and cocktails under the stars in our garden courtyard, before stepping into the stately Tilden Thurber Ballroom or stunning Main Stage Dining Room for your elegant dinner reception. Dance the night away with your family and friends as your celebrate your love story, before slipping upstairs to your luxury wedding suite. Allow our dedicated team of wedding professionals to ensure your day runs smoothly from start to finish, so all you need to worry about is having the time of your lives. Welcome to Hotel Providence, founded on passion.

Smolak Farms is steeped in history. At the age of two, owner Michael Smolak bore witness to his Aunt Willie’s wedding on the farm. Little did he know then, back in 1954, that that wedding would be the start of a long and beautiful tradition of using Smolak Farms as a cherished wedding venue. The beautiful rolling hills of orchards and farmland span 125 acres, and provide the perfect backdrop for this very special bonding of two people. Being connected to nature and all the beauty it holds is an incredible way to start a union not just of two people, but of two families, and two lives.

From our sunny Garden Room to our intimate Parlour Room, we have the perfect space to host your next private event. Come to see our gorgeously restored space, where we preserved the rich history of this iconic Cape Cod building and added our own modern twist … think glam meets speakeasy.

Celebrate your special day with us at The Flying Bridge, where we offer a variety of stunning options for both ceremonies and receptions. This elegant venue features a grand stairway entrance, floor-to-ceiling windows, and a wraparound deck that provides panoramic views of Falmouth Harbor and Vineyard Sound. The space boasts a luxurious marble-top bar, a spacious dance floor, and ample room for live entertainment or a DJ. A unique feature of this room is the wall of accordion glass doors, which open to the deck, offering a seamless transition between the indoor and outdoor celebrations. For those seeking additional options, we also offer the Falmouth Tides Hotel for convenient room blocks, and our beach or roof deck ceremonies provide an enchanting backdrop for your vows. Please inquire about our menu options and ask for more details about our various offerings to make your wedding day truly unforgettable.

Treat yourself to an unforgettable experience at Andover Country Club. Located in Andover, MA we offer our services to Boston’s North Shore, New England Area & beyond. Our elegant golf club wedding venue provides breathtaking views of the 18-hole championship golf course, lavish garden & picture perfect willow trees to provide you a immaculate backdrop on your special day. Enjoy a stress-free wedding experience with our professional wedding coordinators guiding you & taking care of all the details from start to finish, along with our customizable all inclusive wedding packages, to ensure your dream wedding becomes a reality. Whether a 50 person intimate wedding or a large-scale 500 wedding, our wedding coordinators are prepared to accommodate all your needs & provide you with the best room & experience.

The Stevens Estate is a beautiful setting for your wedding reception and ceremony. With multiple unique spaces to use for your special day, create an experience that is truly “you two, and nobody else”. Choose the magnificent parlors, the manicured lawn or the airy Garden Room to celebrate your exchange of vows. Enjoy 153 acres of stunning property for your photographs. Allow guests to mingle with a combination indoor and outdoor cocktail hour on the terrace, lawn or inside the mansion.

From ceremony to reception, Ocean Edge distinguishes itself with its beautifully versatile Cape Cod wedding venues. Whether you celebrate your nuptials on the beach, by the pool, or on the lawn at sundown, natural beauty abounds in every corner of the property. A grand indoor ballroom befits large, elegant celebrations, while the mansion’s smaller rooms host intimate services flawlessly. No matter the wedding size or sort, Ocean Edge has an ideal setting for the day of your dreams.

Spanning over 200 acres Southwick's Zoo is New England's largest zoological experience. With several venues to choose from like our enchanting Deer Forest, Tented Pavilion overlooking the African Plains or the Daniel's Room with it's fire place adorned patio, you will be able to customize the perfect day for you and your guests. Food and service is provided by our onsite restaurant, Galliford's Restaurant & Tavern. Don't forget to book the Skyfari for your sunset cocktail hour!

Our private oceanfront setting on Cape Cod’s beautiful south side is the ultimate backdrop for your seaside wedding. The Red Jacket Beach Resort has a newly remodeled ballroom in 2024 and is available for your wedding ceremony and reception from early April through late June, September and October (we do not host weddings during the months of July and August). Our professional planners will work with you to arrange an unforgettable occasion for up to 180 guests in our private ballroom room overlooking the ocean. The Red Jacket Beach Resort & Spa features 150 guest rooms and 14 multi-bedroom villas with everything to make your guests feel at home during your Cape Cod wedding. With everything they need right on site, no one has to worry about traveling during your wedding celebration.

Our Family welcomes you to Butternut Farm Golf Club. We have been hosting weddings and events for 15 years. Our raved about food awaits you & up to 250 of your guests in our grande room with high vaulted ceilings. Our picturesque covered bridge is just the perfect spot to capture those must have New England photos. Our unique octagonal cocktail lounge overlooks Wheeler Pond where guests can relax on the terrace while watching you have the most amazing & romantic sunset pictures over the pond. We can also host your ceremony onsite with outside, outside covered and inside options. We are so proud and thankful to be constantly awarded year after year for our extremely high quality of service that makes our couples day the best it can be!.

On your special day, you need the right surroundings and perfect atmosphere to share this unique occasion with your family and friends. The Centers for Culture and History in Orleans makes the historic 1834 Meetinghouse and surrounding facilities available for private functions, celebrations, performances, meetings, and other events. Located in the peaceful, seaside town of Orleans on Cape Cod, and only 2 miles from the famous Nauset Beach our Meetinghouse, Hurd Chapel, and surrounding property offer quiet, convenient and flexible spaces with plenty of level, paved parking. We can accommodate up to 80 people for a wedding ceremony, wedding reception, memorial service, cocktail party, rehearsal dinner and/or other celebrations—with or without food service. Our Event Manager will work with you from start to finish ensuring the event is everything you want it to be and more. You can also engage her to assist you as the event planner.

Renaissance is an exclusive private club located on the North Shore of Boston —just a short drive from Newburyport, The Andovers and southern New Hampshire. We pride ourselves on providing exceptional service in an elegant New England setting. Our Clubhouse features a Grand Ballroom, which can accommodate up to 225 guests and boasts a cathedral ceiling with graceful chandeliers, raised paneled walls, and exposed ceiling beams. The Clubhouse also offers private rooms and a flower-surrounded Porte-cochere for your indoor/outdoor cocktail hour. Our beautiful covered veranda is accessed from the Grand Ballroom for your guests to enjoy during the reception. An outdoor ceremony location is available with woodland backdrop, trellis, and bridal garden. Overnight accommodations may be booked for you or your guests to enjoy before or after your wedding. Allow us to assist you with all the details to ensure a flawless, magical experience

Overlooking beautiful Narragansett Bay, the Quidnessett Country Club is the flagship property of the many-faceted Jan Companies. Nicholas Janikies, president of the Jan Companies, a well-known and respected Rhode Island businessman, conceived the idea of a distinctive country club for Rhode Island and developed the exquisitely beautiful golf course and country club. When you require the services of an exceptional banquet and function facility, contact Quidnessett Country Club located just 20 minutes from downtown Providence on the East Greenwich/North Kingstown border. At the club, the banquet rooms are magnificent, the food superb, the service and attention to detail uncompromising, and the atmosphere warm and charming… a visual feast for the senses. Want the perfect wedding in the perfect location?

Best for micro weddings! Formerly known as the Edward Winslow House, The Mayflower Society House was built by Loyalist Edward Winslow, the great-grandson of Pilgrim Edward Winslow, in 1754. Throughout the 19th Century, this historic home was lived in and preserved by several influential Plymouth families and remodeled in 1898 by noted architect Joseph Chandler. The mansion holds over three centuries of history, and we would be honored for our home to be a part of yours. The manicured Mayflower Society House and Gardens offer multiple options for indoor and outdoor events or ceremonies. The large and open Solarium is perfect for parties up to 40 seated. Whether you’re planning a corporate event or an intimate catered dinner, parties of all sizes are a perfect fit. We can accommodate up to 40 guests inside The Mayflower Society House and up to 175 outside with the optional installation of a tent. Our staff will happily supply a list of our favorite local vendors.

Once a colonial farmstead known as Cherry Hill Farm, the Bradley Estate was transformed in 1902 into a classic country estate. Dr. Arthur Tracey Cabot hired noted Architect Charles Platt to design a great house, landscaped grounds, and a complex of farm and estate buildings. Platt adorned the lovely natural setting with manicured lawns, a walled garden, and a brick-edged parterre garden. In 1945, Cabot's niece Eleanor Cabot Bradley acquired Cherry Hill Farm and lived there with her husband until its bequest to The Trustees of Reservations in 1991. Mrs. Bradley made some notable additions to the property, including a greenhouse and a studio. Today, the Bradley Estate is open to the public and the house and grounds host special occasions for both private and corporate clients.

Located in historic Plymouth, MA, Mirbeau Inn & Spa is a 50-guestroom retreat with a world-class spa, The Bistro & Wine Bar restaurant, unique function spaces, and beautiful ponds and gardens. Mirbeau Inn & Spa Plymouth was designed to evoke the warmth, elegance and comfort of a private estate in the countryside near Paris. Mirbeau also features Spa Mirbeau with outside bar and AquaTerrace, the Henri-Marie venue, The Bistro & Wine Bar and The Garden Bar restaurants, as well as superb meeting and banquet spaces.