The Best Modern Wedding Florists in West Topsham, VT

The Best Modern Wedding Florists in West Topsham, VT

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


32 Wedding Florists in West Topsham, VT

Modern
Quick responder
M's Wedding Flowers 

5.0

  • Starts at $5,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

M's Wedding Flowers is located in Moretown, VT and was founded by Emily Meade in 2016. After years of experience working under local florists and soaking up as much knowledge as possible, she felt it was time to pursue her dream of owning her own floral business.

Awarded Best of Zola
Emily was a pleasure to work with. She helped me make tweaks to our tablescape and florals leading up to the wedding to match our vision perfectly! We were so excited when we entered the reception area to beautiful bud vases and cozy light from candles along the tables. It set a lovely atmosphere for our dinner. Emily was very responsive throughout the process which helped us feel really confident leading up the wedding. She also brought such quality florals/greenery and had the best pricing we found through a thorough vendor search. We can’t say enough good things about working with her and would definitely recommend to other couples!
Anna H., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Something Borrowed Blooms 

4.9

  • Starts at $250
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Thousands of brides across the United States and Canada have trusted Something Borrowed Blooms to provide the perfect flowers for their wedding day. We offer brides the expensive peonies, delicate ranunculus, out-of-season anemones, and the ever-impossible-to-find-magnolia — all at a fraction of the cost.

Awarded Best of Zola
Something Borrowed Blooms is easily one of the coolest and easiest vendors to work with!! I love that the offer faux rentals and you’re able to choose different pieces from different collections to built your vision. The ease of being able to edit your order and add or remove things before it ships was amazing as well. I highly recommend this company to anyone looking for an alternative to real floral and will absolutely be using them for ALL events in the future!!
Ciara M., 5 months ago
TrendlineTrending
The Faux Bouquets 

5.0

  • Starts at $175
  • Serves West Topsham, VT
  • Offer

Believe it or not, we often have people ask if our pictures throughout our website are showing a mix of fresh and faux and…no they aren’t! Although fresh florals are pretty, we are totally in love with poser-blooms all the way here and that’s what we design 100% of our orders with.

Awarded Best of Zola
The Faux Bouquets were great at communicating throughout the entire process! They provided amazing, lifelike floral arrangements that were beautiful in our wedding photos. This was such an easy and convenient service - we simply received the pre-made package, used them for our special day, then packaged them back up to send off. We were thrilled with the quality and value of their work, which truly contributed to making our wedding day perfect.
Jade C., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Tipsy Tulip Designs 

5.0

  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Meet Emily from Tipsy Tulip Designs! She is a phenomenal and highly skilled florist who transforms dreams into breathtaking floral realities. With an exceptional blend of knowledge and creativity, Emily has earned rave reviews for her outstanding work. Clients praise her not only for her incredible arrangements but also for her genuine kindness. Emily's dedication to her craft is evident in every detail of her designs. She effortlessly brings visions to life while adding her personal artistic touch, ensuring each creation is a unique masterpiece.

Awarded Best of Zola
Tipsy Tulip Designs was a wonderful florist to work with for our wedding. From the moment I reached out, Emily was so very helpful. She was unable to deliver to my wedding location which was two hours away, but volunteered to meet me at one of the venues I was touring near her location to deliver my bouquet. I didn't know Vermont very well, so I really appreciated her going the extra mile. The flowers Tipsy Tulip Designs provided were absolutely beautiful and fresh. They truly helped make our special day even more beautiful with their stunning arrangements. I highly recommend Tipsy Tulip Designs to any couple looking for a talented, reliable, and personable florist.
Brenda R., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Forever Blooms 

5.0

  • Serves West Topsham, VT
  • Offer

I’m thrilled that Zola connected us, and I’d love to hear all about your wedding vision. All of my flowers are handcrafted from sola wood, a material derived from the tapioca plant. They’re lightweight, soft to the touch, and designed to look just like real flowers. One of the best parts? Since they’re made of wood, I can ship them to you no matter where you are in the U.S.! To get started on your custom quote, simply fill out the form with the website below. I’m really looking forward to working with you and making your day extra special! https: // www. foreverbloomsfloral . com / wedding

Awarded Best of Zola
I showcase Forever Blooms bouquets in my store for brides to carry when choosing their wedding dress. Everyone always raves about how beautiful they are plus how awesome it would be to keep your bridal bouquet after the day is done! I also love the service she provides and her willingness to always try new things not only for her customers but her business!
Emily, 3 years ago
Quick responder
Bloom Culture: Do-it-yourself Wedding Flowers 

5.0

  • Serves West Topsham, VT

A common misconception about Bloom Culture is that we are telling people they SHOULD DIY their wedding flowers… when in reality we are telling people they CAN DIY their wedding flowers… if they want to. With Bloom Culture you can create you own wedding flowers with Confidence. We help you get creative, stay in-control of your wedding budget, and enjoy the most beautiful wedding flowers. We have pre-made DIY Flower Collections or you can get a custom design with our FREE online quote or chat with us one on one for more guidance!

Awarded Best of Zola
Bloom Culture: Do-it-Yourself Wedding Flowers was an absolute pleasure to work with for our wedding. From the very first inquiry, their communication was prompt, kind, and professional. They answered all of my specific questions with personal responses, making the DIY flower process so easy and stress-free. The quality of their work was consistent, thorough, and truly showed how much they cared about making our day special. We saved so much money going the DIY route with Bloom Culture, and it allowed us to create so many wonderful memories putting the arrangements together with our wedding party. I highly recommend Bloom Culture to any couples looking for a reliable, affordable, and caring florist for their wedding. I wanted to do my own flowers to honor my grandmother who was a florist. She passed a few months before the wedding and I just know she would have absolutely loved it and we got to honor her in this way.
Madden H., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Afterall Floral Design 

5.0

  • Starts at $6,500
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Afterall is a floral studio led by lifelong friends & design duo, Demelza Levick and Angela Nitschke, who grew up together on a fruit farm at the foot of Mount Monadnock in Southern NH. We believe that flowers have the power to transform life's celebrations into breathtaking memories, by connecting them to a place, a season, and a story. From impactful, artful installations to petite bundles of boutonnieres, we design every last detail with you and your love story in mind.

We had the most incredible experience with Demelza and Angela! They created the dreamiest ceremony and reception spaces for our wedding and even incorporated personal touches into my bouquet. I loved it and our guests did too! It was truly magical. They were also really easy to work with and explained at the beginning how many meetings to expect and when, and also welcomed questions in the interim. Their clear process made planning so much easier on our end!
Megan D., 10 months ago
Quick responder
Fairy Meadow Flowers 

5.0

  • Starts at $5,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

My name is Isabelle, and I grow chemical free, regenerative flowers and herbs on 3/4 of an acre in Hamden, CT. I truly love working on these blooms from start to finish, and I hope to get to share some of the beauty with you on your special day.

Awarded Best of Zola
Isabelle is a dream to work with, and created the most stunning florals, understated and natural yet gorgeous and striking, which blended beautifully with the natural environment of our venue. The florals were more than decorations - they were works of art. The fact that the plants are chemical free and grown in a sustainable, regenerative environment was a huge selling point for us. The team is reliable, experienced, and so dedicated, and they went above and beyond to turn a vision into reality. Finally, communication with Isabelle was incredibly smooth and pleasant, and during a stressful process like wedding planning, having such a supportive, loving person was deeply helpful and appreciated. Cannot recommend Isabelle enough!!!
B J., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Full Moon Blooms 

5.0

  • Starts at $3,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Full Moon Blooms is a flower farm owned and operated by Erin Clements in Londonderry, Vermont. We specialize in growing unique seasonal blooms and providing design services for events, weddings, and special occasions. Our goal is to bring beauty and joy to the world through flowers and create unique designs that reflect the true meaning of your special event. We are passionate about growing and providing the freshest and most beautiful flowers to our customers, while also creating a sustainable business that helps our local community.

Awarded Best of Zola
I cannot recommend Full Moon Bloom flowers enough!! Extremely knowledgeable and exceeded all my expectations. They answered all my questions and brought my vision to life. I loved that Full Moon Bloom is a woman owned local business who grows all her own flowers. Fair price and sustainable!
Erin C., 9 months ago
Quick responder
🌸🖤Gothic Wedding Bouquets🖤🌸 

5.0

  • Starts at $250
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

At Gothic Wedding Bouquets, we specialize in creating reasonably priced Gothic, Alternative, Unique, Themed, Pagan, and any idea you have, wedding decor. Our offerings include bridal bouquets, boutonnieres, centerpieces, floral arrangements, and arch decor.

Awarded Best of Zola
Stacy at Gothic Wedding Bouquets exceeded all my expectations! I requested a bouquet that would match my wedding cape without seeing it in advance, and it was flawlessly designed. Stacy was wonderful to work with—kind, professional, and attentive. The shipping was super quick, and the personal touches included with the bouquet made my day. The craftsmanship is impeccable, and I’m thrilled that the flowers are artificial, so I can enjoy this beautiful piece for years to come. Highly recommend!
Kelsie S., 2 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Honey Flora 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Honey Flora is a Burlington-based wedding floral design studio with a mission to redefine floral design through creativity, sustainability, and community. We focus on creating luxury, modern wedding flowers with locally and seasonally available flowers.

We had the absolute pleasure of working with Maya for our wedding in September 2024, and we couldn’t be happier with the experience! From the very beginning, she was incredibly accommodating, always making time for meetings whenever we needed to discuss details or get her expert input. She took the time to really understand our vision and brought it to life in the most beautiful way. The flowers on our big day were absolutely stunning—everything was exactly as we had imagined, if not better! Not only was her work top-notch, but she was also such a kind and lovely person to work with. It’s clear she’s passionate about what she does, and her warmth and attention to detail made the whole experience even more special. We would wholeheartedly recommend Maya to anyone looking for a talented, professional, and genuinely wonderful florist. She made our wedding floral dreams come true, and we’re so grateful for her work!
Courtney P., 2 months ago
Quick responder
Anthology On Main 

5.0

  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

For general inquiries, please visit my website. Anthology On Main is an alternative paper florist, specializing in flowers handmade from book pages! Although my business is based in Kansas, I ship flowers all over the US! I handcraft your wedding flowers from the pages of your favorite books, using your favorite flowers (no matter the season) and in your choice of colors! We'll work together to create truly unique keepsakes from one of the biggest days of your life. As a cherry on top, my flowers don't require any preservation after your wedding day and will last for decades to come!

Awarded Best of Zola
We were thrilled with our flowers from Anthology on Main! Katie is a true artist. Her suggestions were excellent and workmanship beyond belief. The entire order was perfect. My beautiful bouquet sits in a vase on my desk and I still enjoy it every day.
A, 3 years ago
TrendlineTrending
FlowersForWeddings.com 

5.0

  • Starts at $99
  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Our wedding flowers come professionally pre-designed and bundled by a master florist, ready to shine right out of the box. We offer bridal bouquets, bridesmaid bouquets, boutonnieres, corsages, centerpieces and more, all pre-arranged and shipped to your door. Not only are our wedding flowers convenient, but they are gorgeous, budget-friendly, and shipped fresh from the farm. When you plan for your wedding, you likely want everything to be as beautiful as possible. If you want wedding flowers that amaze, then Flowers For Weddings has what you need. Discover what wedding flowers we can provide for your wedding anywhere in the US.

I highly recommend Flowersforweddings for all your wedding flower needs! They provided flowers for my wedding this past November, and their flowers were stunning and everything I had wanted! They arrived on time and they were more beautiful than I imagined them! Thank you flowersforweddings!
Oralia G., 3 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Bupp Woodworks & Designs - Flower Preservation 

5.0

  • Serves West Topsham, VT
  • Offer

I offer professional flower preservation services so you can save your wedding bouquet forever! Accepting fresh, dried, and artificial flowers from across the USA. Over 40 different keepsake options for every budget and style. I offer a wide variety of shapes and sizes including: •ring holders •necklaces •jewelry dishes •vanity trays •coasters •candle holders •ornaments •bookmarks •wine stoppers •pyramids •cubes •gemstones •bookends •large floral blocks •hexagons •arches •round wall hangings •standing circles •wood shadowboxes •large wood serving trays •clear acrylic serving trays •river tables and custom heirloom furniture

We shipped our wedding flowers from Hawaii to Chicago and were blown away with what we received. SO grateful for Bupp Woodworks and the beautiful pieces they created from our wedding. Absolutely worth the wait, now we’ll forever get to keep those precious memories. If you’re thinking about booking with them, definitely do it. It’s more than worth it, they’re so good at what they do. We can’t thank you enough and love them so much️
Alex P., a month ago
Nectar & Root 

5.0

  • Serves West Topsham, VT

Floral designs that feel alive and make your heart flutter. Creating floral art for weddings in Vermont and beyond. Booking 2024 and 2025. Seasonal ingredients, sculptural and ikebana inspired botanical art for your day.

I'm a wedding photographer, and when one of my clients tells me they've chosen Nectar & Root for their florist I let them know they've made the best decision- not only will they be in good hands with someone who is reliable and effectively gets the job done, but their space will be transformed in the most beautiful and unique way. I'm also a hobby cut flower gardener who spends lots of time looking for new and interesting varieties and Erin and I have connected over the past four years- sharing seedlings and advice. Erin always finds the most beautiful and unusual varieties and grows them in her garden, then utilizes them in her wedding bouquets. She also knows how much I love photographing her work and will give myself (and other photographers too!) an extra centerpiece to bring around to different backgrounds at the venue and create a beautiful work of art together for our clients to enjoy. Erin and I worked a multi-day event in Stowe this past year that was the biggest event I had ever photographed, and she blew me away with how beautifully she transformed both Friday and Saturday's venues into a meadow-inspired wonderland. Hire Erin, you won't be disappointed, and your flowers will look like no-one else's.
Last Light Studio, a year ago
Quick responder
The Dirt Empress 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

We started this floral design company to follow our passion for flowers and create the wedding of your dreams. We are based in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, but travel throughout New England to service our clients. We specialize in creative and detailed designs. Every client is unique and we love to showcase that through our designs.

Awarded Best of Zola
The Dirt Empress is simply the best wedding florist I've ever worked with. Their communication style is honest, informative, and confident, and they truly understand the needs of their clients. The quality of their work is nothing short of perfection - the floral arrangements they created for our wedding were mind-blowingly beautiful and inspiring. They captured the exact look we were going for, and the two incredible powerhouse women behind The Dirt Empress worked true magic with the flowers and greenery. I cannot recommend them highly enough for any couple planning their dream wedding.
Tiffany N & M., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Muse Art Co 

5.0

  • Starts at $5,500
  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

Born from the simple desire to create intentional art, Muse combines endless creativity + high attention to detail to transform your vision into a flawless design - tailored to your special event. Focusing on the elements of Design + utilizing local, in-season florals is one of our many passions. Highlighting shape, texture, form, color + space is always our purpose. Florals are only one of the mediums we utilize. Your vision is always our Muse.

Awarded Best of Zola
I cannot begin to express the magic that Sara brought to our wedding day. Literally from the moment we discussed our vision, I knew Sara was going to deliver something incredible... but what she did was beyond my wildest dreams. Sara didn’t just provide flowers; she crafted this ethereal experience that surpassed every expectation. But it wasn’t just the flowers that made Sara exceptional. It was the personal touch, the unwavering commitment to making our day flawless, and the genuine passion that she poured into every aspect of her work. We connected from the first zoom call & I knew I needed her for not just my wedding but for every event I was hosting from that moment on. She's been responsible for my bridal shower, my wedding, my sisters baby shower & will be responsible for every future event I plan. If you want your wedding to be nothing short of extraordinary, Sara is the only choice. We are eternally grateful for the unforgettable beauty she created, and we couldn’t imagine our day without her incredible talent.
Alexa L., 7 months ago
Quick responder
Dazy Florals 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

Garden inspired and organically styled floral arrangements for weddings and events- located north of Boston and servicing the New England area. Owner and artist Ashley has 11 years of design experience in the floral industry, along with a background in horticulture, and general love for all things natural and wild. Dazy Florals is dedicated to utilizing sustainable practices and beautiful locally grown blooms, New England season permitting.

Awarded Best of Zola
Dazy Florals was an absolute joy to work with for our wedding. From the very first email, Ashley's communication was prompt, precise and genuinely enthusiastic about our vision. She listened closely to what we wanted and then brought it to life in a way that was truly one-of-a-kind. The florals were thoughtful, original and exceeded our expectations in every way. We received so many compliments from our guests on how beautiful the arrangements were and how they perfectly captured the vibe we were going for. I would book Dazy Florals again in a heartbeat and recommend them to any couple looking for a florist who will make their wedding day vision a reality.
Annie S., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Bess 

5.0

  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

My name is Elizabeth, I'm a Floral Designer and Illustrator based in NYC. Bess was founded after many late nights and early mornings spent creating floral designs influenced by my own art, and a love for the natural environment that I cherish. I love to take an intuitive and creative approach with each event and couple I work with; learning each and every client's story and vision as as a basis for my creations, and then applying those special details into my designs. Bess embraces modern shapes balanced with subtle gestures, whimsical movement, and seasonality that help bring your vision to fruition.

Awarded Best of Zola
I can't recommend Eliza and Bess flowers enough! She created my wedding bouquet over the summer for my destination wedding, and it was absolutely perfect. I provided her a general color scheme, and she worked her magic, picking the most beautiful flowers and everything complemented each other so well. She was so accommodating, even scheduling a convenient drop-off at my house before we headed out of town for the wedding, the flowers were packed to travel and made it to our destination fresh and intact. Eliza is the sweetest, most professional, and super easy to communicate with. 10/10 recommend Bess for any of your floral needs. Thank you thank you again, Eliza!
Laila M., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Rocky Floral 

5.0

  • Starts at $4,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees
  • Offer

Is bold, quirky, whimsical, and maybe even a bit wacky your vibe? SAME! My name is Izy, I'm lead designer at Rocky Floral, and I’m SO GLAD you're here! For six years, I've been growing and arranging experimental flowers for unique couples. Combining fresh & dried flowers is a specialty, and staying sustainable and inclusive is a non-negotiable. We're ALL about nontraditional flowers for modern couples here <3

Awarded Best of Zola
Izy with Rocky Floral was phenomenal. We met multiple times on the phone, video chat and in person at the venue to discuss the vision and combine our ideas. She was extremely accommodating with my requests and helped guide me when I was unsure or changed my mind! Her arrangements and designs turned out even better than i imagined, I couldn't have asked for a better experience. The florals were one of my favorite parts of my wedding! Highly recommend.
Madison, 2 months ago
TrendlineTrending
Rosemary's Garden Florals 

4.7

  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees
  • Offer

My name is Rosemary Sammons and I would like to thank you for considering Rosemary's Garden Florals as your wedding florist. All my floral creations are composed of everlasting blooms that can resemble any flower in nature, but are made to last a lifetime. When you choose Rosemary's Garden Florals for your wedding, you can rest assured that each arrangement will be created with fine attention to detail. I am proud to offer my floral services for hand delivery in the state of Florida and secure shipping throughout the United States.

Awarded Best of Zola
Rosemary's Garden Florals was a dream to work with for our wedding day. From the start, they were extremely communicative, providing frequent updates and beautiful proposals that gave us confidence in their vision. On the day of, their floral arrangements truly exceeded our expectations - the centerpieces, bridal bouquet, arch decor, and cake florals were all absolutely gorgeous and long-lasting. We received so many compliments from our guests on the stunning florals that brought our wedding to life. Rosemary's Garden Florals was an invaluable vendor that helped make our special day even more beautiful.
Michaela P., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Jenny Events 

5.0

  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

We dream with you to create one of a kind atmospheres using floral, decor, lighting, details and texture. We listen carefully to your inspiration, understanding your events needs while elevating and personalizing the venue you fell in love with. From a guided concept to creation, we produce and provide all the pieces necessary to bring your dream + vision to life. Our design is always intentional and cohesive with the charm of the location. Our clients are stylish and tasteful, looking for details that are not only beautiful but inspiring. We work with local florists to craft a design team fitting for your wedding day.

Awarded Best of Zola
Jenny and her team did a wonderful job making my unique, colorful vision a reality - Every descriptor I used for our bright hues, the movement I wanted in the blooms, and the ideas for their looking like they were growing right into the aisle and off the bars, Jenny took to heart and made happen. Her composure, communication, and professionalism made me worry the least about one of the most important elements of our day. Highly recommend for all your wedding floral and planning needs!
Kristina R., 6 months ago
Quick responder
Foraged Floral Of Cape Cod 

5.0

  • Starts at $1,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

At Foraged Floral we service New England creating floral design that mimics nature, and reflects your personal style. We design with the intention of evoking joy and inspiring conversations. Our designs focus on using local seasonal flowers and the best imported blooms. We pride ourselves on listening to your needs and finding out how we can make our design a reflection of your personal taste. With ten years in the event industry we bring knowledge and experience to your event using our tried and true methods to make the process exciting and enjoyable.

Foraged Floral of Cape Cod was an absolute pleasure to work with for our wedding. From the start, their communication was easy, helpful and responsive, putting us at ease throughout the planning process. On the day, their beautiful, locally-sourced florals were thoughtfully crafted with obvious care and attention to detail. The results were exactly what we had envisioned - stunning tablescapes, a breathtaking bouquet, and accents that perfectly complemented our wedding style. Steph is kind, passionate and incredibly knowledgeable, making the entire experience stress-free and allowing us to fully enjoy our special day without worrying about the florals. We couldn't be happier with their work and highly recommend them to any couple planning their wedding.
The B., 20 days ago
Quick responder
Marigolds Florals 

5.0

  • Starts at $2,000
  • Serves West Topsham, VT for additional fees

Welcome to our vibrant floral design studio, where creativity blooms with an eco-friendly twist! We pride ourselves on crafting completely unique floral arrangements that are not only visually stunning but also kind to the planet. We can work with you to create a fun and unique design for every occasion.

When you spend months communicating through a phone and blindly trust your florist to see the vision through - and she absolutely does!! I cannot express how grateful I was to find Marigolds Florals!! We specifically wanted to support small businesses with a priority on minority/woman owned. Afterall, small businesses and creatives literally keep art, passion, and customer service alive in an economy where everything seems transactional. I am a very particular bride, and Anika never made me feel bad about it. Instead, she thoroughly answered questions, entertained my unique request, and went above the call of duty. We hopped on many calls, shared tons of photos, and the plans changed quite a bit over a span of months. She rocked and rolled the whole way through, and I will never forget patience AND ability to execute that Anika and her team exhibited. From a Philly girl to a NY girl, I am grateful.
Brianna S., a month ago

Location flexible? Discover florists near West Topsham, VT

About wedding florists in West Topsham, VT

What's the average price range for florists in West Topsham, VT?

There are a number of different factors that influence the total cost of a wedding floral package, including the type of flowers you're using, the size of your bridal party, and amount of floral decorative elements at your wedding (don't forget gorgeous extras like ceremony arches). In West Topsham, VT, bouquets range from $100 to $500. Centerpieces typically range from $100 to $2,000. The minimum price for florists often takes into account the amount of effort and time required to pull together the creations.

Which are the most popular florists in West Topsham, VT?

Some of the most popular florists in this area include Bloom Culture: Do-it-yourself Wedding Flowers, The Faux Bouquets and Something Borrowed Blooms.

What questions should I ask when booking a wedding florist?

Florists offer a range of different services that you'll want to ask about before you book. For example:

  • Do they offer rentals of structures and additional decor?
  • Can they create mockups or sample arrangements?
  • Will they assist with flower preservation if that's something you're interested in?
  • Is breakdown/cleanup included in the package?
  • What types of florists are in West Topsham, VT?

    What other West Topsham vendors will I need?

    What other florists are nearby?

    What other wedding services are nearby?